![]() ![]() Classic cases of acute COVID-19 are characterized by respiratory symptoms, fever, and gastrointestinal problems ( Larsen et al., 2020). The novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( Hiscott et al., 2020). The individualized nature of PASC symptoms suggests that different therapeutic approaches may be required to best manage care for specific patients with the diagnosis. Potential contributors to PASC symptoms include consequences from acute SARS-CoV-2 injury to one or multiple organs, persistent reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 in certain tissues, re-activation of neurotrophic pathogens such as herpesviruses under conditions of COVID-19 immune dysregulation, SARS-CoV-2 interactions with host microbiome/virome communities, clotting/coagulation issues, dysfunctional brainstem/vagus nerve signaling, ongoing activity of primed immune cells, and autoimmunity due to molecular mimicry between pathogen and host proteins. It also reviews literature on acute COVID-19 and other virus-initiated chronic syndromes such as post-Ebola syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) to discuss different scenarios for PASC symptom development. This paper details mechanisms by which RNA viruses beyond just SARS-CoV-2 have be connected to long-term health consequences. It is likely that individual patients with a PASC diagnosis have different underlying biological factors driving their symptoms, none of which are mutually exclusive. These patients are being given the diagnosis Long COVID or Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Across the globe, a subset of patients who sustain an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection are developing a wide range of persistent symptoms that do not resolve over the course of many months. The novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2Division of Neurotherapeutics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.1PolyBio Research Foundation, Kenmore, WA, United States.Certain Human Genome Variants and/or Herv Activity May Facilitate Pasc DevelopmentĪmy D.SARS-CoV-2 and/or Related Inflammatory Insults May Disrupt Brainstem Signaling. ![]() SARS-CoV-2 May Promote Extended “Autoantibody” Production, Often via Molecular Mimicry.Microbiome Dysbiosis Can Disrupt Host Metabolic and Neuroendocrine Signaling and/or Epithelial Barrier Function.SARS-CoV-2 May Dysregulate Host Microbiome/Virome Balance by Facilitating Pathobiont Virulence.SARS-CoV-2 or Reactivated Pathogens May Induce Pathological Immune Cell Signaling or Prime Glia.Reactivated Viruses and COVID-19 Associated Myocarditis.The Activity of Persistent Pathogens Can Serve as a Form of Predisposition to COVID-19.Functional Redundancy in Pathogen-Driven Processes Can Facilitate Chronic Symptom Development.SARS-CoV-2 May Impact the Activity of Bacteria, Fungi, and Parasites.Immune Dysregulation Promoted by SARS-CoV-2 Can Lead to Reactivation of Already Acquired Neurotrophic Pathogens Such as Herpesviruses.SARS-CoV-2 Appears Capable of Persistence in Certain Tissues.SARS-CoV-2 Can Cause Injury to One or Multiple Organs or Tissues.The Neuroinvasive and Neurotrophic Potential of SARS-CoV-2.The editor and reviewer's affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. If you are using floating licenses or a large number of user-based licenses (20 or more) for Oxygen, you must set up an Oxygen License Server.Texas Christian University, United States When your subscription ends, the Support & Maintenance Pack (SMP) will also be terminated. Support & Maintenance Pack (SMP) is included. After the expiration of your subscription, you must stop using the software or renew your subscription. Your rights to use the software are limited to the subscription period indicated on your order. You may install the software on an unlimited number of computers connected to a designated network The total number of Named Users may not exceed the total number of licenses.Ī separate license is required for each concurrent user. Install and use the software on as many computers as he or she likes. Support & Maintenance Pack (SMP) provides priority technical support and all new versions released during the SMP period. One software license is required per user. ![]()
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